Model around which Internet is developed This is a theoretical modelД¬onsidered more reliable Considered a reference tool Implementation of OSI model Reference model The protocols in this layer are FTP, SMTP, HTTP, etc. This is the layer where email, web browsers or FTP run. It provides the user interface for communication. TCP gives a reliable, end-to-end, connection-oriented data transfer, while UDP provides unreliable, connectionless data transfer between two computers. The protocol that this layer uses is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Error control, congestion control, flow control, etc., are handled by the transport layer. This layer allows the host and the destination devices to communicate with each other for exchanging messages, irrespective of the underlying network type. This layer is responsible for providing datagram services to the Application layer. The protocols at this layer are IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), etc. This indicates that the data is not received in the same order as it was sent. These packets are sent on any network and are delivered independently. The data packets contain the source and the destination IP address or logical address. The data that is received by the link layer is made into data packets (IP datagrams). The main function of this layer is to route the data to its destination. This layer is also known as the Network Layer. This layer can be used to connect different network types like ATM, Token ring, Ethernet, LAN, etc. The physical connectors like the coaxial cables, twisted pair wires, the optical fiber, interface cards, etc., are a part of this layer.

It explains how the data is transmitted from the host, through the network. It is also known as Network Access layer and Network Interface layer. Let us have a look at the four layers:ДЄs the name suggests, this layer includes the physical and logical connections from the host's link. TCP/IP is a four-layered structure, with each layer having their individual protocol.

Each of these functions take place in the layers, as described by the model. This model gives a brief idea about the process of data formatting, transmission, and finally the reception. This model divides the entire networking functions into layers, where each layer performs a specific function. TCP/IP The Internet Protocol Suite, popularly known as the TCP/IP model, is a communication protocol that is used over the Internet.

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